GENERAL APPEARANCE
Shoulder height: Jack Russell 25-30cm (10”-12”).
Parson Jack Russell 30-35cm (12”-14”).
Colour: White predominates. Black, tan or brown markings often on head, ears and/or root of their tail.
Coat: Three types - rough, smooth or broken. Gait: Free, sound - fore and hindlegs moving straight.
These working terriers should be bold and confident at all times. The skull should be flat and moderately broad with a muzzle shorter than the skull.
The dark eyes are almond shaped and the small ears are set high with the tips dropping forward. The strong neck runs into long sloping shoulders and a straight back. The powerful hindlegs are well bent at the stifles and finish with round feet. The high set tail signifies alertness but may drop at rest.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CARE
Brash, energetic and enterprising are characteristics which signify the hall marks of these popular dogs. In addition to speed and stamina, these game little terriers were expected to mix compatibly with -all dogs, farm stock and people and to behave well in the house. Coat care is minimal in the Smooth coated variety and only periodic brushing or tidying up to keep the Broken or Rough varieties in good condition.
HISTORY 
In 1812, the irascible Parson Jack Russell purchased a terrier named Trump who ultimately became the foundation of the strain that took his owner’s name. Being interested in hunting, Russell soon collected a scratch pack to hunt foxes and hares which, after a few years of judicious breeding and selection, were able to acquit themselves extremely well in the field. Their reputation and their popularity grew. Russell preferred his terriers to be at least 5lcm (20”) tall. However, while still retaining their character, the shorter (and often crooked) legged variety with heavier bodies were also being bred.
By the early part of the 20th century, many breeders were endeavouring to get more conformity in breed type in order to gain official recognition so the breed could be exhibited at championship shows.

GENERAL APPEARANCE
Shoulder height: Approx. 23-28cm (9”-11”).
Colour: Black/white or red/white. Markings to be even.
Coat: Profuse, long, soft, straight and silky.
Gait: Forelegs lifted high and straight with strong hind drive.
The stylish movement and pretty markings make this member of the toy family aristocrats in the showring. A hallmark of the breed is their expression of astonishment, a feature which is caused by showing the white of the inner corners of the eye. The broad skull is round and the very short muzzle is well cushioned. The well feathered ears are high set and pendant.
The proudly carried neck runs into a square, compact body on which the well plumed tail is carried over the back. The slender legs and well angulated hindquarters finish with well feathered long feet.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CARE
Like many dogs whose origins lie in the far east of Asia, Japanese Chins have a mind of their own and can be quite aloof at times. This independence and ability to use their own initiative in no way restricts their intelligence or their need for love. They make excellent pets for the elderly but are rather too small and dainty for young children. Regular grooming is necessary and when brushing, make certain to lift the coat so that each stroke starts from the root of the hair.
HISTORY
Sometimes known as the Japanese Spaniel, it is fairly certain that this breed has a blending of some Pekingese lines. Three of the major theories that have been presented to their actual origin are firstly being that they arrived with a Korean mission in 732 AD where they became an immediate success as a lap dog with the Japanese women. The second theory is that they arrived with teachers preaching Zen Buddhism‘ in about 520 AD, and the third, is that the Emperor of China gave a pair to the Emperor of Japan. One thing is certain - these dogs were originally restricted to Royal households where they were favoured by ladies of the court who carried them in their sleeves or in their hands.

GENERAL APPEARANCE
Shoulder height: 30-36cm (12”-14”). 
Colour: Pure white.
Coat: Outercoat - straight and stands away from the body. Undercoat should be profuse, soft and dense. There should be a good mane and a well covered tail.
Gait: Nimble, light and active. Fore and hindlegs should move straight and effortlessly.
The contrast between the profuse white coat and the black nose, lips and dark eyes, makes this a most attractive member of the spitz family. Ever alert with its small pricked ears, arched neck and bushy tail curled over its back, the whole appearance is one of flexibility and liveliness.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CARE 
These bold active dogs are natural herders and thrive on plenty of outings. They make excellent companions for young children and being nimble, they are able to look after themselves. Although wary of strangers at their first meeting, they accept them once their owners do. They are an ideal size for town apartments and have the added value of not barking overmuch.
Grooming needs to be done once a week with a pin brush that reaches through the coat to stop knots forming.
HISTORY 
Descending from the Arctic Spitz group of dogs they are characterised by their foxlike faces, prick ears and bushy tail normally carried over their backs. It is believed that a variety of these Nordic Spitz made their way to Japan with the migrating white Russians. Although they were bred in a number of other countries, it was in Japan where the breed flourished and as a result, took its name.